TPLO (Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy)

TPLO is the most commonly performed surgical treatment for cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in dogs — the canine equivalent of an ACL tear. Rather than replacing the torn ligament, the surgeon changes the geometry of the tibia so the joint becomes stable without it.

What it is

A TPLO (Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy) involves making a curved cut in the top of the tibia, rotating the bone fragment to level the joint surface, and fixing it in place with a stainless steel or titanium plate and screws. Once healed, the dog can bear weight on the leg without the ligament — the joint biomechanics no longer require it.

When it's needed

• Confirmed cranial cruciate ligament rupture (partial or complete)
• Persistent hind-limb lameness after 4–6 weeks of rest
• Positive drawer sign or tibial thrust on orthopedic exam
• Medium-to-large breed dogs (TPLO is particularly favored for dogs >15 kg)
• Active dogs where rapid return to function matters

Procedure summary

Under general anesthesia, the surgeon performs an arthroscopy or arthrotomy to assess and treat the meniscus, then completes the osteotomy and fixes the bone with a locking plate. The procedure typically takes 90–150 minutes and most dogs are discharged the next day.

Recovery

Strict rest for 8 weeks with controlled leash walks only. Weight-bearing usually returns within days. Radiographic bone healing is confirmed at the 8-week recheck, after which a graduated return to full activity over 4–8 weeks is supervised by the surgical team.

Common questions